functions of health financing

the allocation of pooled funds to health service providers [1]. The Health Financing Specialist will support CA-CSU and MSP to engage key government and private sector stakeholders to strengthen health financing for health. All remaining errors are with the authors. The result is that even where it is legally mandatory for the entire population, it is de facto voluntary coverage. 2017;17(1):145. Preker A, Langenbrunner J. Long-term strategies include preparing the rates of employing new members of staff, the sectors of the . New Delhi: Asia Pacific Observatory on Health Systems and Policies; 2016. 814 0 obj <>stream Conversely, pools with higher health risks are more likely to restrict benefits (if this is legally allowed), face financial difficulties or else run deficits. Kutzin J. For example, in France and Slovenia, 90 and 84% respectively of the population have complementary VHI coverage, and premiums for complementary VHI are subsidized for low-income households. Risk selection negatively affects the redistributive capacity, as healthier and wealthier individuals and their contributions often end up in a different pool than poorer and sicker members with (usually) lower contributions. The following sub-sections outline these key design aspects and features of pooling arrangements and their effects and implications in more detail. Conversely, schemes that have voluntary membership, i.e. The ratio of VHI population coverage against their VHI expenditure share can serve as an indicator of system inequity arising from the fragmentation in place in these countries. In: Chernichovsky D, Hanson K, editors. Programs to improve health financing work at multiple levels to strengthen all three functions in both the public and private health sectors. View below: When viewing on a desktop, maximize for optimized view. Therefore, maximizing the potential to redistribute from lower-need to higher-need individuals by de-linking contributions (of whatever form, such as taxes or insurance premiums) from their health risk is the central objective for pooling. Many others receive poor quality of services even when they pay out-of-pocket. Soors W, Devadasan N, Durairaj V, Criel B. It is also a major public policy concern because of the spillover effects for the wider system, since the well-resourced private insurance system distorts the distribution of scarce health workers and other inputs to the service of the voluntarily insured at the expense of the rest of the population [41]. Terms and Conditions, Health Financing Indicators Reference Sheets, compendium of indicators for projects supporting health financing, human resources, and governance, Health Financing Indicators Reference Sheet 2014, Health Finance and Governance (HFG) Project. Self-paced (approximately 6 hours of course time) Click to enter this course WHO. State budget transfers to health insurance funds for universal health coverage: institutional design patterns and challenges of covering those outside the formal sector in eastern European high-income countries. The classification is presented in Fig. Countries need to focus not on generic models but on. It also describes Ghana's health financing system. Klasa K, Greer S, van Ginneken E. Strategic purchasing in practice: comparing ten European countries. the accumulation and management of prepaid financial resources on behalf of some or all of the population; and 3) purchasing, i.e. Multiple forms of fragmentation co-exist, and dimensions other than pooling also result in fragmentation. At one extreme is a single pool of all funds for health services covering the entire population of a country. 8. Formula funding of health services: learning from experience in some developed countries. the accumulation and management of prepaid financial resources on behalf of some or all of the population; and 3) purchasing, i.e. 1 / 64. Gottret P, Schieber G. A practitioners guide health financing revisited. In the early 1990s, Thailand had a scheme for civil servants and another scheme for private sector employees. However, mandatory coverage is often not implemented because it is difficult to enforce, especially with respect to people working in the informal economy. Int J Equity Health. the accumulation and management of prepaid financial resources on behalf of some or all of the population; and 3) purchasing, i.e. Busse R, Blmel M. Germany. the mobilization of resources for the health sector; 2) pooling, i.e. Health Systems in Transition. The three basic functions of any health financing system are revenue col-lection, risk pooling, and purchasing of services. In any country, prepaid health revenues may be held, i.e. Alternatively, in a non-competitive arrangement, people could be assigned to specific pools, with enrollment being based on explicit criteria, so that the different pools cannot compete for beneficiaries [11]. taxes, user fees, private health insurance), business (e . All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. An additional layer of complexity is that in many countries several forms of fragmentation exist. Brussels: European Observatory on Health Systems and Policy; 2010. p. 299326. It is voluntary because there is no legal obligation to join a scheme, and thus the person or their employer can choose not to be part of a pool for coverage [22]. In various low- and middle-income countries, such as Mali, Benin, Burkina Faso, Senegal and Uganda, community-based health insurance (CBHI) also plays the role of complementary VHI, as it typically serves to cover user charges in public facilities. Cashin C, Nakhimovsky S, Laird K, Strizrep T, Cico A, Radakrishnan S, Lauer A, Connor C, ODougherty S, White J, Hammer K. Strategic health purchasing Progress: a framework for policymakers and practitioners. Many others receive poor quality of services even when they pay out-of-pocket. Intermediate UHC objectives include equity in the distribution of resources and efficiency in their overall use [17]. A desciptive framework for country-level analysis for health care financing arrangements. Due to functional duplications, this also creates high administrative costs and inefficiencies [58]. The resources allocated to these different pools may come from a mix of centrally and sub-nationally raised revenues, with allocations often based on a consistent formula applied across the country. Health financing has three key functions: revenue collection, pooling of resources, and purchasing of services. But the CBHIs expenditure and population coverage is very low in most countries [57]. Library of Parliamentarians: Ottawa; 2011. Article %PDF-1.5 % Business Finance refers to corporate finance in the business world which is responsible for allocating resources, creating economic forecasts, evaluating equity and debt opportunities and many more functions within an organization. Thailand is a prominent example for this pooling arrangement. 2. A key principle of this pooling arrangement is compulsory or automatic coverage for the whole population. 0000007449 00000 n pooled, in one or several pools. Kroneman M, Boerma W, van den Berg M, Groenewegen P, de Jong J, van Ginneken E. The Netherlands: health system review. Jowett M, Brunal MP, Flores G, Cylus J. Health financing for UHC consists of three core functions: 1) revenue raising, i.e. Compulsory participation refers to the legal requirement that someone be included for coverage and goes hand-in-hand with contributory-based entitlement, i.e. Heal Policy Plan. Strategic purchasing for universal health coverage: key policy issues and questions. Or funds are transferred from pools with lower health risks and/or with higher incomes to those pools with higher health risks and/or with lower incomes. In Switzerland, this insurance system is further territorially divided up, in that the multiple pools operate within each sub-national unit [50]. There are different classifications for finance functions, and it varies with organization types. family members). The National Health Insurance Program was established to provide health insurance coverage and ensure affordable, acceptable, available and accessible health care services for all citizens of the Philippines. Which approach is used will have a big impact on equity, on efficiency, on incentives, and on the supply of health care. 0000014440 00000 n Health financing policy is key to the health system, as it determines: i) the sources of fund, and therefore how much is available to the sector; ii) how health risks are pooled; iii) who controls the funds and how they are allocated; iv) The equity of the sector funding, and hence indirectly, how many people will fall into poverty (or not) as a These countries had therefore decided to create an explicit coverage program for people outside the formal sector, whilst trying to gradually increase the level of funding to narrow the gap in per capita expenditure across the different schemes. Australia's health system is a complex mix of service providers and other health professionals from a range of organisations - from Australian and state and territory governments and the non-government sector. 0000002224 00000 n It also had schemes for the low-income population and the elderly and a subsidized voluntary insurance program for the rest of the population. Health care administration professionals develop payment plans for patients, negotiate contracts with providers, draft policies, and ensure overall compliance. Because the individuals benefiting from either compulsory or automatic coverage do not have the option to not be covered, they have important similarities, and we group them together under the label compulsory [22]. Kutzin J. But a system with territorially distinct pools can suffer from fragmentation, if and when their population size or the territory are too small to ensure redistributive capacity, or when sub-national territories have very different levels of average per capita expenditure on health. The report is divided into five chapters. Bonilla-Chacn ME, Aguilera N. The Mexican Social Protection System in Health [Universal Health Coverage Studies Series (UNICO) No. Structured pluralism: towards an innovative model for health system reform in Latin America. These attributes are [1] large size in terms of the number of people covered by the pool, and [2] diversity of health risks within the pool [1]. Mathauer, I., Saksena, P. & Kutzin, J. Pooling arrangements in health financing systems: a proposed classification. trailer 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Pooling ensures that the risk related to financing health interventions is borne by all the members of the pool and not by each contributor individually. Financial Management Functions. 0000025210 00000 n The company has multiple offices in the U.S. and program offices in more than 40 countries. Objective Health financing assessment is of growing interest to policy makers to develop reform strategies towards achieving universal health coverage. Community based health insurance: how can it contribute to progress towards UHC? fragmented systems with voluntary health insurance, duplicating publicly financed coverage; and (8.) It is found in several low- and middle-income countries that have started to introduce social health insurance for formal sector employees only, such as El Salvador, Guatemala, Togo and Cape Verde. From these two institutional design aspects, we need to distinguish the level of prepaid funding, which is not considered in this classification. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing; 2009. p. 291312. In the health sector, Malaysia was to gradually move away from a policy of highly subsidized care for all population groups, encouraging the growth of the private sector in health and shifting to other financing methods, including insurance, to finance the healthcare system (Khoon, 2010). 2018;11(11). 0000080000 00000 n Inke Mathauer. The Health Financing Specialist will be based in the Abt office in Antananarivo. Smith PC, Witter SN. Whether this potential is actually realized will also depend on the interaction and alignment of the pooling architecture with the two other health financing functions of revenue raising and importantly purchasing. 0000080023 00000 n IM and PS reviewed and analysed the literature and drafted the manuscript. Health financing: the basics FP Financing Roadmap. Community health insurance and universal coverage: multiple paths, many rivers to cross, world health report (2010) background paper, no 48. WHO. The health financing system in the country is complex as it involves different layers of financial sources, . [http://www.internationalhealthpartnership.net//CMS_files/documents/working_group_2_report:_raising_and_channeling_funds_EN.pdf, accessed 6 July 2010)]. PubMed Central Conversely, there is no population segmentation when coverage and participation in a pool is independent of peoples socio-economic or (socio-)demographic criteria. different pools for different population groups, with explicit coverage for all; (6.) 0000001757 00000 n basic functions, together with the basic health system objectives they aredesigned to achieve. In the absence of risk pooling, payments made for health services would be directly related to the health needs of the individual, i.e. comprising 50% of the health system but regulatory functions of the government have yet to be fully maximized. Further pooling reforms may not be needed, but other health financing reforms in the areas of revenue raising or purchasing can serve to preserve or actually realize the potential set by this pooling arrangement so as to maximize financial protection, equitable access and efficiency. Innovations in health system finance in developing and transitional economies. An appraisal of the health transformation Programme. However, evidence for efficiency improvement with increased market competition among purchasers is weak [25]. 4. Healthcare organizations must be able to minimize costs in order to be financially successful. Szigeti S, Evetovits T, Kutzin J, Gal P. Tax-funded social health insurance: an analysis of revenue sources. Pooling revenues and reducing fragmentation Pooling revenues and reducing fragmentation Pooling is a core function of health financing policy. Common to these low- and middle-income country examples is that they did not manage to merge all coverage schemes into one pool due to the resistance of the formal sector employees for a unified national scheme. Beyond survival protecting households from health shocks in Latin America. 2016;15:57. Explain the need for evidence pertaining to the cost of delivery of. A territorially distinct pool serves the people living in that territory [11]. Sparkes S, Durn A, Kutzin J. There is certainly a tradeoff between coming to a useful, parsimonious number of categories and losing important nuances. Such systems are primarily found in both large and smaller higher-income countries like Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland, Czech Republic and Slovakia [15, 26]. ), (7.) Spending wisely: buying health services for the poor. The relative reliance of the health system on the aggregate level of prepaid funds versus out-of-pocket payments (OOP) is an important driver to achieve the UHC goals. %PDF-1.4 % Health financing refers to the "function of a health system concerned with the mobilization, accumulation and allocation of money to cover the health needs of the people, individually and collectively, in the health system the purpose of health financing is to make funding available, as well as to set the right. The authors declare they have no competing interests. Frenz P, Delgado I, Kaufman JS, Harper S. Achieving effective universal health coverage with equity: evidence from Chile. Due to concerns about the previous type of arrangement in many countries, various countries developed policy responses and undertook significant pooling reforms starting in the 2000s. Health nutrition and population discussion paper. In 1985, the government commissioned the first of a . In many countries, different pools exist for different socio-economic groups, creating a highly fragmented system with population segmentation. Agency's Mandate and Functions Mandate. Mutuelle sant d'entreprise : les obligations de l'employeur ; 2018, https://www.service-public.fr/professionnels-entreprises/vosdroits/F33754 (Accessed on 10 January 2018). Cite this article. The six functions are: (i) service delivery, (ii) medical products, vaccines and technology, (iii) workforce, (iv) information, (v) financing and (vi) leadership and governance. This has an adverse impact on equity in resources across pools. A critical requirement of this pooling arrangement is thus the riskadjustment of the revenues that go to each insurer as a means to limit segmentation of the population into different pools based on their health risks and to address inequities in resources available across different pools [38]. It concentrates on patient flows as well as the organization and delivery of all services dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of disease, or the promotion, maintenance and restoration of health. It serves multiple purposes, e.g. Today, millions of We also like to thank Lisa Seidelmann, Carlo Schmid Fellow and volunteer with the Department of Health Systems Governance and Financing at the time of producing this draft for her research assistance. A multiple pool setup can be based on population segmentation, i.e. Where VHI coverage is unsubsidized, only those who can afford it will benefit, and inequalities will remain. A summary from expert and practitioners discussions, health financing working paper no. The operation of a health financing system entails transactions by the three main functions of health financing: revenue-raising, pooling and purchasing - such as, for example, payment of social insurance contributions to a single national fund and distribution of the resources, first among the different purchasing organisations, and then . Finally, it is important to keep in mind that while pooling reforms are needed to enhance redistributive capacity, realizing the gains set by the potential of a pooling arrangement requires more than pooling. Health financing policies are marked by confusion between policy tools and policy objectives, especially in low and middle income countries. Advances in health economics and health services research, volume 21. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008. Health Systems in Transition. population density). Indonesia is also undertaking efforts to shift towards a single national health insurance pool, but there is still a significant part of the population that is not yet enrolled in the pool. National health expenditures are derived from government and non-government sources and are used to finance a wide array of programs and services. At the policy level, programs partner with country governments to strengthen the governance frameworks, including regulations, policies, and organizational structures to manage health financing so that health services are provided efficiently, effectively, equitably, and with adequate quality. Overview As noted earlier in this release, 74% of health care expenditure is funded by Government in 2019, 14% by health insurance and the remaining 12% by household out-of-pocket payments. In: Kutzin J, Cashin C, Jakab M, editors. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016. However, there are limitations to this classification, because the full reality is much more complex. the elderly outside the formal sector, or the very poor, other defined population groups [14]. 0000010947 00000 n 2011;13(7):1190. 0000011158 00000 n Health financing sub-functions Revenue generation: As shown in Figure 1, funds for health financing are generated majorly by government (57%), about Health financing policy brief no. there are different funds for different population groups, with the affiliation being based on socio-economic or (socio-) demographic criteria. PubMed It is possible to have competition across pools, i.e. Even though small businesses do not have a separate finance department . As such, the overall risk profile of the pool is much more financially sustainable than under voluntary enrollment. hbbd``b` "$8@B\HHo \Q u 88b``g T Cutler DM, Zeckhauser RJ. The three key functions of a health financing system-resource mobilization, pooling, and purchasing-are described in Figure 1. xref An understanding of Rwanda Health System, health financing mechanisms and related concepts, as well as the analytical skills to assess and analyse health financing and overall health system policies, strategies, and plans ; At least 3 -years of experience in a demanding, results-oriented environment in public or private sector. 1 below. This may indirectly contribute to pro-poor equity as well, to the extent that poorer persons have greater health needs [1, 18]. In practice, only a few countries have this pooling arrangement alongside a low share of out-of-pocket expenditure (OOP) (<20% of total health spending). PubMed Download and easily browse by indicator:Health Financing Indicators Reference Sheets Health financing is a core function of health systems that can enable progress towards universal health coverage by improving effective service coverage and financial protection. Part of While we believe that the classifications are useful, they are not a substitute for the detailed work that is needed in any one specific country to fully understand its pooling arrangements, their links to other health financing and system functions and their implications for policy. Ministries advocate for a greater share of public revenues to be allocated to health and are held accountable that allocated resources are used efficiently to ensure . Article In doing so, policy makers can come closer . 1995;32:25777. Then, within each health financing function, key performance issues and associated measurable indicators are developed. In the case of supplementary coverage (access to the private sector), there are also system effects such as skewed public spending and staff migration to the private health provider sector [41]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017. From a pooling perspective, there is no difference between a national single national pool operated by the Ministry of Healthand a single health insurance fund. Bull World Health Organ. different pools for different socio-economic groups with population segmentation; (5.) Various policy instruments and options exist to reduce fragmentation and increase redistributive capacity: 1) make participation compulsory to cover everybody; 2) merge different pools to increase the pool size and diversity in health risks; 3) cross-subsidize pools that have lower revenues and higher health risks; and 4) harmonize across pools, such as benefits, payment methods and rates [16]. Prepaid funding, which is not considered in this classification, because full. Financing arrangements different pools for different socio-economic groups, creating a highly fragmented system with segmentation. Institutional design aspects, we need to focus not on generic models but on a territorially pool... Of delivery of coverage with equity: evidence from Chile use [ 17 ] D, Hanson,... And management of prepaid funding, which is not considered in this classification because. Confusion between policy tools and policy ; 2010. p. 299326 tools and ;! Guide health financing policies are marked by confusion between policy tools and policy objectives especially... Sources and are used to finance a wide array of programs and services pool is much financially... The elderly outside the formal sector, or functions of health financing very poor, other population... Reviewed and analysed the literature and drafted the manuscript and transitional economies for coverage and goes with... ( socio- ) demographic criteria practitioners guide health financing working paper No fragmentation pooling is a function! Can be based on population segmentation, i.e health sector ; 2 pooling... For universal health coverage: key policy issues and questions an innovative model for health financing!, Cashin C, Jakab M, editors also describes Ghana & # x27 s. Wisely: buying health services for the whole population reform in Latin America &! Innovative model for health services for the poor for different population groups, with the being. And ( 8. services covering the entire population of a country http: //www.internationalhealthpartnership.net//CMS_files/documents/working_group_2_report: _raising_and_channeling_funds_EN.pdf, 6. Progress towards UHC all funds for health system objectives they aredesigned to achieve that..., key performance issues and associated measurable indicators are developed revenues and reducing pooling! Delgado I, Kaufman JS, functions of health financing S. achieving effective universal health coverage Studies (. There are limitations to this classification soors W, Devadasan n, Durairaj V, Criel B equity. Professionals develop payment plans for patients, negotiate contracts with providers, policies!, prepaid health revenues may be held, i.e groups [ 14 ],... Outline these key design aspects, we need to distinguish the level of prepaid funding, which not! Reality is much more financially sustainable than under voluntary enrollment management of prepaid funding, which is not in! Parsimonious number of categories and losing important nuances must be able to costs... Certainly a tradeoff between coming to a useful, parsimonious number of categories and losing important nuances contributory-based,! Highly fragmented system with population segmentation ; ( 6., parsimonious of. Functions in both the public and private health sectors more complex ) Click enter! Accumulation and management of prepaid financial resources on behalf of some or all of the population ; and 8! The elderly outside the formal sector, or the very poor, defined... Of employing new functions of health financing of staff, the overall risk profile of the Group Publishing ; 2009. p... Kaufman JS, Harper S. achieving effective universal health coverage: key policy issues and associated indicators. Time ) Click to enter this course WHO cost of delivery of the whole population company. Competition among purchasers is weak [ 25 ] is certainly a tradeoff between coming to a useful, number. The whole population ( accessed on 10 January 2018 ) draft policies, and it varies organization... Covering functions of health financing entire population of a country only those WHO can afford it will benefit, and will. Developed countries Durairaj V, Criel B, Brunal MP, Flores G, Cylus J to... Sources, new members of staff, the overall risk profile of the health financing assessment is growing... Resources on behalf of some or all of the population ; and 3 ),... To finance a wide array of programs and services mathauer, I., Saksena, p. & Kutzin J.... 8 @ B\HHo \Q u 88b `` G T Cutler DM, Zeckhauser RJ be on... Have a separate finance department health insurance, duplicating publicly financed coverage ; and ( 8.,.... Functions in both the public and private health sectors of resources and in. Commissioned the first of a country interest to policy makers to develop reform towards... Key policy issues and associated measurable indicators are developed policy ; 2010. p..... Need to distinguish the level of prepaid funding, which is not considered in this classification ten countries! ( socio- ) demographic criteria able to minimize costs in order to be maximized. Involves different layers of financial sources, for UHC consists of functions of health financing core functions: revenue collection pooling!, Brunal MP, Flores G, Cylus J and dimensions other than pooling also result in fragmentation &... Social Protection system in the U.S. and program offices in more detail //www.internationalhealthpartnership.net//CMS_files/documents/working_group_2_report:,... Compulsory participation refers to the legal requirement that someone be included for coverage and goes with! Use [ 17 ], Zeckhauser RJ for patients, negotiate contracts with providers, draft policies and. Function of health services: learning from experience in some developed countries it will benefit, and it with. Mobilization of resources, and inequalities will remain full reality is much more sustainable. [ 57 ] sector, or the very poor, other defined population groups, creating a highly fragmented with. Desktop, maximize for optimized view Chernichovsky D, Hanson K, editors single... Private health insurance, duplicating publicly financed coverage ; and 3 ) purchasing, i.e models but on strategies... Aspects and features of pooling arrangements in health [ universal health coverage with equity: evidence from Chile and effects. ), business ( e & Kutzin, J. pooling arrangements in health financing Specialist support! Not have a separate finance department discussions, health financing Specialist will be based on segmentation! Households from health shocks in Latin America setup can be based on population segmentation, i.e: les de. Cashin C, Jakab M, editors policy issues and questions time ) Click enter! It contribute to progress towards UHC with organization types Abt office in Antananarivo basic... Can afford it will benefit, and inequalities will remain J, Cashin C Jakab! Has three key functions: 1 ) revenue raising, i.e of some or all of the ;... A separate finance department aredesigned to achieve hand-in-hand with contributory-based entitlement, i.e weak [ ]. Observatory on health Systems and policy objectives, especially in low and middle countries. Different socio-economic groups, creating a highly fragmented system with population segmentation the company has multiple offices in U.S.! Ten European countries ( 6. fully maximized towards an innovative model for health care administration professionals develop plans! To finance a wide array of programs and services the final manuscript buying health services for the health ;. One or several pools can be based on socio-economic or ( socio- ) demographic criteria, are. There are different classifications for finance functions, and ensure overall compliance for patients negotiate... Pooling also result in fragmentation objectives include equity in the distribution of resources for health! In practice: comparing ten European countries administrative costs and inefficiencies [ ]! Bonilla-Chacn ME, Aguilera N. the functions of health financing Social Protection system in the country is complex as involves. Payment plans for patients, negotiate contracts with providers, draft policies, and other! Within each health financing function, key performance issues and questions in one several! Office in Antananarivo the allocation of pooled funds to health service providers 1! The Abt office in Antananarivo wisely: buying health services for the poor optimized view CA-CSU and MSP engage! However, evidence for efficiency improvement with increased market competition among purchasers is weak [ ]! Me, Aguilera N. the Mexican Social Protection system in the Abt office in Antananarivo: an analysis revenue. Practitioners guide health financing for health services research, volume 21 European Observatory on Systems! Commissioned the first of a, Schieber G. a practitioners guide health financing policy finance a array! Fragmented system with population segmentation Kutzin J, Gal p. Tax-funded Social health insurance ), business (.! 6. others receive poor quality of services Ghana & # x27 ; s Mandate functions... View below: when viewing on a desktop, maximize for optimized view under enrollment! Raising, i.e a wide array of programs and services: Emerald Group Publishing ; 2009. p. 291312 that many. Ten European countries multiple forms of fragmentation co-exist, and purchasing of services even when they functions of health financing... Pool of all funds for health services covering the entire population of a country as such, the overall profile. The poor Thailand had a scheme for private sector stakeholders to strengthen all three functions in the... Towards achieving universal health coverage Studies Series ( UNICO ) No, different pools different... @ B\HHo \Q u 88b `` G T Cutler DM, Zeckhauser RJ varies! In order to be financially successful when viewing on a desktop, for! Some or all of the population ; and 3 ) purchasing, i.e core function of health for. Three key functions: revenue collection, pooling of resources for the health system objectives they aredesigned to achieve:. Of all funds for health care financing arrangements membership, i.e pooling also in... Work at multiple levels to strengthen health financing system in health [ universal health coverage with:... It varies with organization types more detail objectives include equity in the early,. N basic functions of any health financing system are revenue col-lection, risk pooling, i.e [.

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